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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">
<div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li>
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<li><a href="Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a>
<ul><li><a href="Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li>
<li><a href="Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li>
<li><a href="Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li>
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<li><a href="Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a>
<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li>
<li><a href="Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li>
<li><a href="Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li>
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<p>In <a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, the <b>autonomy of syntax</b> is the assumption that <a href="Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> is <a href="Arbitrariness" title="Arbitrariness">arbitrary</a> and self-contained with respect to meaning, <a href="Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>, <a href="Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a>, discourse function, and other factors external to language.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft1995_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The autonomy of syntax is advocated by <a href="Linguistic_formalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic formalists">linguistic formalists</a>, and in particular by <a href="Generative_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative linguistics">generative linguistics</a>, whose approaches have hence been called autonomist linguistics.
</p><p>The autonomy of syntax is at the center of the debates between formalist and <a href="Functionalist_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Functionalist linguistics">functionalist linguistics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Croft1995_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since the 1980s research has been conducted on the <a href="Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">syntax–semantics interface</a> within functionalist approaches, aimed at finding instances of semantically determined syntactic structures, to disprove the formalist argument of the autonomy of syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-Levin1995_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levin1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The principle of <a href="Iconicity" title="Iconicity">iconicity</a> is contrasted, for some scenarios, with that of the autonomy of syntax. The weaker version of the argument for the autonomy of syntax (or that for the autonomy of grammar), includes only for the principle of arbitrariness, while the stronger version includes the claim of self-containedness.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft1995_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of arbitrariness of syntax is actually accepted by most functionalist linguist, and the real dispute between functionalist and generativists is on the claim of self-containedness of grammar or syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>The assumption of the autonomy of syntax can be traced back to the neglect of the study of semantics by American structuralists like <a href="Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a> and <a href="Zellig_Harris" title="Zellig Harris">Zellig Harris</a> in the 1940s, which was based on a <a href="Neopositivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopositivism">neo-positivist</a> <a href="Anti-psychologism" title="Anti-psychologism">anti-psychologist</a> stance, according to which since it is presumably impossible to study how the brain works, linguists should ignore all cognitive and psychological aspects of language and focus on the only objective data, that is how language appears in its exterior form. This paralleled the distinction between the two approaches in psychology, <a href="Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>, which was the dominant approach up until the 1940s, and <a href="Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">cognitivism</a>.
</p><p>Over the decades, multiple instances have been found of cases in which syntactic structures are actually determined or influenced by semantic traits, and some formalists and generativists have reacted to that by shrinking those parts of semantics that they consider autonomous.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft1995_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the decades, in the changes that <a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> has made to his generative formulation, there has been a shift from a claim for the autonomy of syntax to one for the autonomy of <a href="Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft1995_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functionalist_linguistics_vs._formalist_linguistics">Functionalist linguistics vs. formalist linguistics</h2></div>
<p>The assumption of the autonomy of syntax has been a highly controversial topic in the functionalist and formalist linguistic spheres. Linguistic functionalists make the argument that <a href="Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> play a role in <a href="Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, while linguistic formalists agree that semantics and syntax interact, but they are not affected on each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft1995_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common example that is used by linguistic formalists to indicate the validity of autonomy in syntax is, "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously", which demonstrates that, in order for a sentence to be syntactically correct, it does not need to be coherent or meaningful in any way.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Various grammar models have been developed both supporting and rejecting the autonomy of syntax. The main grammatical model that is in support of the Autonomy of Syntax is <a href="Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative Grammar</a>, created by <a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>. On the other hand, examples of models that argue against it are <a href="Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction Grammar</a>, <a href="Head-driven_phrase_structure_grammar" title="Head-driven phrase structure grammar">Head-driven Phase Structure Grammar</a>, and <a href="Generalized_phrase_structure_grammar" title="Generalized phrase structure grammar">Generalized Phase Structure Grammar.</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Linguistic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic wars">Linguistic wars</a></li>
<li><a href="Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li>
<li><a href="Self-contained_system_(software)" title="Self-contained system (software)">Self-contained system (software)</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div>
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Croft1995-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Croft1995_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croft1995_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croft1995_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croft1995_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croft1995_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croft1995_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Croft (1995) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/416218">Autonomy and Functionalist Linguistics</a></i>, in Language Vol. 71, No. 3 (Sep., 1995), pp. 490-532</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Butler2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2014_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler2014_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Butler & Gonzálvez-García, F. (2014) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lwg_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Exploring functional-cognitive space</a></i> (Vol. 157). John Benjamins Publishing Company, Introduction, pp.6-17</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Robert_Van_Valin_Jr." title="Robert Van Valin Jr.">Van Valin, R. D. Jr.</a> (2003) <i>Functional linguistics</i>, ch. 13 in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rl8LDiR11nYC">The handbook of linguistics</a></i>, pp. 319-336.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Levin1995-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levin1995_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Beth_Levin_(linguist)" title="Beth Levin (linguist)">Levin, B.</a>, & Rappaport Hovav, M. (1995). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/37720d24n">Unaccusativity: At the syntax–lexical semantics interface</a></i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Croft (1995) pp.509-510</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hellovaia.com/explanations/english/english-grammar/generative-grammar/">"Generative Grammar: Theory, Types & Examples | Vaia"</a>. <i>Hello Vaia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-15</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCROFT2004" class="citation journal cs1">CROFT, WILLIAM (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226704002798">"Syntactic theories and syntactic methodology: a reply to Seuren"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>40</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">637–</span>654. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022226704002798">10.1017/s0022226704002798</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2267">0022-2267</a>.</cite></span>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_language308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philosophy_of_language308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_philosophers_of_language" title="List of philosophers of language">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li>
<li><a href="Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li>
<li><a href="Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li>
<li><a href="Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li>
<li><a href="Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li>
<li><a href="Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li>
<li><a href="Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus</a></li>
<li><a href="Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li>
<li><a href="Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li>
<li><a href="Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li>
<li><a href="Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li>
<li><a href="Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li>
<li><a href="Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li>
<li><a href="Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li>
<li><a href="Claude_Lancelot" title="Claude Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li>
<li><a href="Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li>
<li><a href="George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li>
<li><a href="Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li>
<li><a href="Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">von Humboldt</a></li>
<li><a href="Fritz_Mauthner" title="Fritz Mauthner">Mauthner</a></li>
<li><a href="Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li>
<li><a href="Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure</a></li>
<li><a href="Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Frege</a></li>
<li><a href="Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Boas</a></li>
<li><a href="Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li>
<li><a href="Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir</a></li>
<li><a href="Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Bloomfield</a></li>
<li><a href="Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li>
<li><a href="Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Vygotsky</a></li>
<li><a href="Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li>
<li><a href="Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li>
<li><a href="Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li>
<li><a href="Benjamin_Lee_Whorf" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf">Whorf</a></li>
<li><a href="J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">Austin</a></li>
<li><a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li>
<li><a href="Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li>
<li><a href="Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li>
<li><a href="A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">Ayer</a></li>
<li><a href="G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li>
<li><a href="Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Hintikka</a></li>
<li><a href="Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li>
<li><a href="Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li>
<li><a href="Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Grice</a></li>
<li><a href="Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li>
<li><a href="P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li>
<li><a href="Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li>
<li><a href="Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li>
<li><a href="David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li>
<li><a href="John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li>
<li><a href="Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Watzlawick</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li>
<li><a href="Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrast theory of meaning</a></li>
<li><a href="Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrastivism</a></li>
<li><a href="Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li>
<li><a href="Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li>
<li><a href="Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>
<li><a href="Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivism</a></li>
<li><a href="Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatism</a></li>
<li><a href="Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li>
<li><a href="Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li>
<li><a href="Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li>
<li><a href="Relevance_theory" title="Relevance theory">Relevance theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Semantic holism</a></li>
<li><a href="Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="Supposition_theory" title="Supposition theory">Supposition theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbiosism" title="Symbiosism">Symbiosism</a></li>
<li><a href="Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a> (<a href="Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite description</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li>
<li><a href="Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li>
<li><a href="Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verification theory</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li>
<li><a href="Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">Cant</a></li>
<li><a href="Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">Class</a></li>
<li><a href="Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li>
<li><a href="Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categories</a></li>
<li><a href="Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">Family resemblance</a></li>
<li><a href="Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li>
<li><a href="Language" title="Language">Language</a></li>
<li><a href="Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li>
<li><a href="Logical_form" title="Logical form">Logical form</a></li>
<li><a href="Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li>
<li><a href="Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</a></li>
<li><a href="Modality_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modality (natural language)">Modality (natural language)</a></li>
<li><a href="Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li>
<li><a href="Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li>
<li><a href="Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li>
<li><a href="Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li>
<li><a href="Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a></li>
<li><a href="Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a></li>
<li><a href="Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">Set</a></li>
<li><a href="Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a></li>
<li><a href="Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li>
<li><a href="Statement_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a></li>
<li><a href="Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">Truth-bearer</a></li>
<li><a href="Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Index_of_philosophy_of_language_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of philosophy of language articles">more...</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(n.d.)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="Port-Royal_Grammar" title="Port-Royal Grammar">Port-Royal Grammar</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1660)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="De_Arte_Combinatoria" title="De Arte Combinatoria">De Arte Combinatoria</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1666)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character%2C_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1668)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="Alciphron_(book)" title="Alciphron (book)">Alciphron</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1732)</span></li>
<li>"<a href="On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1905)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1921)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="Language%2C_Truth%2C_and_Logic" title="Language, Truth, and Logic">Language, Truth, and Logic</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism" title="Two Dogmas of Empiricism">Two Dogmas of Empiricism</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1951)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1953)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1967)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="Naming_and_Necessity" title="Naming and Necessity">Naming and Necessity</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1980)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="Wittgenstein_on_Rules_and_Private_Language" title="Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language">Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1982)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="Limited_Inc" title="Limited Inc">Limited Inc</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1988)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li>
<li><a href="Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li>
<li><a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li>
<li><a href="Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li>
<li><a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantics_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantics (natural language)">Semantics</a>
<ul><li><a href="Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li>Category</li>
<li>Task Force</li>
<li>Discussion</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Logic605" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logic605" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="History_of_logic" title="History of logic">History</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Computer science</a></li>
<li><a href="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics (natural language)</a></li>
<li><a href="Inference" title="Inference">Inference</a></li>
<li><a href="Philosophy_of_logic" title="Philosophy of logic">Philosophy of logic</a></li>
<li><a href="Formal_proof" title="Formal proof">Proof</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantics_of_logic" title="Semantics of logic">Semantics of logic</a></li>
<li><a href="Syntax_(logic)" title="Syntax (logic)">Syntax</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Logics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Classical_logic" title="Classical logic">Classical</a></li>
<li><a href="Informal_logic" title="Informal logic">Informal</a>
<ul><li><a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li>
<li><a href="Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">Mathematical</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-classical_logic" title="Non-classical logic">Non-classical</a></li>
<li><a href="Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Argumentation_theory" title="Argumentation theory">Argumentation</a></li>
<li><a href="Metalogic" title="Metalogic">Metalogic</a></li>
<li><a href="Metamathematics" title="Metamathematics">Metamathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="Set_theory" title="Set theory">Set</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abduction</a></li>
<li><a href="Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic and synthetic propositions</a></li>
<li><a href="Antecedent_(logic)" title="Antecedent (logic)">Antecedent</a></li>
<li><a href="Consequent" title="Consequent">Consequent</a></li>
<li><a href="Contradiction" title="Contradiction">Contradiction</a>
<ul><li><a href="Paradox" title="Paradox">Paradox</a></li>
<li><a href="Antinomy" title="Antinomy">Antinomy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">Deduction</a></li>
<li><a href="Deductive_closure" title="Deductive closure">Deductive closure</a></li>
<li><a href="Definition" title="Definition">Definition</a></li>
<li><a href="Description" title="Description">Description</a></li>
<li><a href="Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">Dichotomy</a></li>
<li><a href="Logical_consequence" title="Logical consequence">Entailment</a>
<ul><li><a href="Linguistic_entailment" title="Linguistic entailment">Linguistic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Logical_form" title="Logical form">Form</a></li>
<li><a href="Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li>
<li><a href="Logical_truth" title="Logical truth">Logical truth</a></li>
<li><a href="Name" title="Name">Name</a></li>
<li><a href="Necessity_and_sufficiency" title="Necessity and sufficiency">Necessity and sufficiency</a></li>
<li><a href="Premise" title="Premise">Premise</a></li>
<li><a href="Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li>
<li><a href="Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li>
<li><a href="Reference" title="Reference">Reference</a></li>
<li><a href="Statement_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a></li>
<li><a href="Substitution_(logic)" title="Substitution (logic)">Substitution</a></li>
<li><a href="Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li>
<li><a href="Validity_(logic)" title="Validity (logic)">Validity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Index_of_logic_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of logic articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_mathematical_logic_topics" title="List of mathematical logic topics">Mathematical logic</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_Boolean_algebra_topics" title="List of Boolean algebra topics">Boolean algebra</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_set_theory_topics" title="List of set theory topics">Set theory</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_logicians" title="List of logicians">Logicians</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_rules_of_inference" title="List of rules of inference">Rules of inference</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_paradoxes" title="List of paradoxes">Paradoxes</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">Fallacies</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_logic_symbols" title="List of logic symbols">Logic symbols</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_logic" title="Outline of logic">Outline</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3APhilosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</li>
<li><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Recentchangeslinked&target=Template:Logic&hidebots=0">changes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics (natural language)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li>
<li><a href="Denotation" title="Denotation">Denotation</a></li>
<li><a href="Linguistic_entailment" title="Linguistic entailment">Entailment</a></li>
<li><a href="Extension_(semantics)" title="Extension (semantics)">Extension</a></li>
<li><a href="Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Generalized quantifier</a></li>
<li><a href="Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li>
<li><a href="Logical_form_(linguistics)" title="Logical form (linguistics)">Logical form</a></li>
<li><a href="Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li>
<li><a href="Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li>
<li><a href="Reference" title="Reference">Reference</a></li>
<li><a href="Scope_(formal_semantics)" title="Scope (formal semantics)">Scope</a></li>
<li><a href="Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li>
<li><a href="Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li>
<li><a href="Truth-conditional_semantics" title="Truth-conditional semantics">Truth conditions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Anaphora_(linguistics)" title="Anaphora (linguistics)">Anaphora</a></li>
<li><a href="Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li>
<li><a href="Binding_(linguistics)" title="Binding (linguistics)">Binding</a></li>
<li><a href="Conditional_sentence" title="Conditional sentence">Conditionals</a></li>
<li><a href="Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li>
<li><a href="Disjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Disjunction">Disjunction</a></li>
<li><a href="Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li>
<li><a href="Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li>
<li><a href="Indexicality" title="Indexicality">Indexicality</a></li>
<li><a href="Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Modality</a></li>
<li><a href="Negation" title="Negation">Negation</a></li>
<li><a href="Propositional_attitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional attitudes">Propositional attitudes</a></li>
<li><a href="Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantifier_(logic)" title="Quantifier (logic)">Quantification</a></li>
<li><a href="Vagueness" title="Vagueness">Vagueness</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Antecedent-contained_deletion" title="Antecedent-contained deletion">Antecedent-contained deletion</a></li>
<li><a href="Cataphora" title="Cataphora">Cataphora</a></li>
<li><a href="Coercion_(linguistics)" title="Coercion (linguistics)">Coercion</a></li>
<li><a href="Conservativity" title="Conservativity">Conservativity</a></li>
<li><a href="Counterfactuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfactuals">Counterfactuals</a></li>
<li><a href="Crossover_effects" title="Crossover effects">Crossover effects</a></li>
<li><a href="Cumulativity_(linguistics)" title="Cumulativity (linguistics)">Cumulativity</a></li>
<li><a href="De_dicto_and_de_re" title="De dicto and de re">De dicto and de re</a></li>
<li><a href="De_se" title="De se">De se</a></li>
<li><a href="Deontic_modality" title="Deontic modality">Deontic modality</a></li>
<li><a href="Discourse_relation" title="Discourse relation">Discourse relations</a></li>
<li><a href="Donkey_anaphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkey anaphora">Donkey anaphora</a></li>
<li><a href="Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">Epistemic modality</a></li>
<li><a href="Exhaustivity" title="Exhaustivity">Exhaustivity</a></li>
<li><a href="Faultless_disagreement" title="Faultless disagreement">Faultless disagreement</a></li>
<li><a href="Free_choice_inference" title="Free choice inference">Free choice inferences</a></li>
<li><a href="Givenness" title="Givenness">Givenness</a></li>
<li><a href="Homogeneity_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneity (linguistics)">Homogeneity (linguistics)</a></li>
<li><a href="Hurford_disjunction" title="Hurford disjunction">Hurford disjunction</a></li>
<li><a href="Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">Inalienable possession</a></li>
<li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective modification</a></li>
<li><a href="Logophoricity" title="Logophoricity">Logophoricity</a></li>
<li><a href="Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li>
<li><a href="Modal_subordination" title="Modal subordination">Modal subordination</a></li>
<li><a href="Opaque_context" title="Opaque context">Opaque contexts</a></li>
<li><a href="Performative_utterance" title="Performative utterance">Performatives</a></li>
<li><a href="Polarity_item" title="Polarity item">Polarity items</a></li>
<li><a href="Privative_adjective" title="Privative adjective">Privative adjectives</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantificational_variability_effect" title="Quantificational variability effect">Quantificational variability effect</a></li>
<li><a href="Responsive_predicate" title="Responsive predicate">Responsive predicate</a></li>
<li><a href="Rising_declarative" title="Rising declarative">Rising declaratives</a></li>
<li><a href="Scalar_implicature" title="Scalar implicature">Scalar implicature</a></li>
<li><a href="Sloppy_identity" title="Sloppy identity">Sloppy identity</a></li>
<li><a href="Subsective_modifier" title="Subsective modifier">Subsective modification</a></li>
<li><a href="Subtrigging" title="Subtrigging">Subtrigging</a></li>
<li><a href="Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li>
<li><a href="Temperature_paradox" title="Temperature paradox">Temperature paradox</a></li>
<li><a href="Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formal systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Alternative_semantics" title="Alternative semantics">Alternative semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="Categorial_grammar" title="Categorial grammar">Categorial grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="Combinatory_categorial_grammar" title="Combinatory categorial grammar">Combinatory categorial grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="Discourse_representation_theory" title="Discourse representation theory">Discourse representation theory (DRT)</a></li>
<li><a href="Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="Glue_semantics" title="Glue semantics">Glue semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="Intensional_logic" title="Intensional logic">Intensional logic</a></li>
<li><a href="Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">Lambda calculus</a></li>
<li><a href="Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li>
<li><a href="Montague_grammar" title="Montague grammar">Montague grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="Segmented_discourse_representation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmented discourse representation theory">Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)</a></li>
<li><a href="Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="Supervaluationism" title="Supervaluationism">Supervaluationism</a></li>
<li><a href="Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Type_theory_with_records" title="Type theory with records">TTR</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="Context_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Context set">Context set</a></li>
<li><a href="Continuation" title="Continuation">Continuation</a></li>
<li><a href="Conversational_scoreboard" title="Conversational scoreboard">Conversational scoreboard</a></li>
<li><a href="Downward_entailing" title="Downward entailing">Downward entailing</a></li>
<li><a href="Existential_closure" title="Existential closure">Existential closure</a></li>
<li><a href="Function_application" title="Function application">Function application</a></li>
<li><a href="Meaning_postulate" title="Meaning postulate">Meaning postulate</a></li>
<li><a href="Monad_(functional_programming)" title="Monad (functional programming)">Monads</a></li>
<li><a href="Plural_quantification" title="Plural quantification">Plural quantification</a></li>
<li><a href="Possible_world" title="Possible world">Possible world</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantifier_raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier raising">Quantifier raising</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantization_(linguistics)" title="Quantization (linguistics)">Quantization</a></li>
<li><a href="Question_under_discussion" title="Question under discussion">Question under discussion</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li>
<li><a href="Squiggle_operator" title="Squiggle operator">Squiggle operator</a></li>
<li><a href="Strawson_entailment" title="Strawson entailment">Strawson entailment</a></li>
<li><a href="Strict_conditional" title="Strict conditional">Strict conditional</a></li>
<li><a href="Type_shifter" title="Type shifter">Type shifter</a></li>
<li><a href="Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_semantics" title="Cognitive semantics">Cognitive semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="Computational_semantics" title="Computational semantics">Computational semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="Distributional_semantics" title="Distributional semantics">Distributional semantics</a></li>
<li><a href="Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">Formal grammar</a></li>
<li><a href="Inferentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferentialism">Inferentialism</a></li>
<li><a href="Logic_translation" title="Logic translation">Logic translation</a></li>
<li><a href="Linguistics_wars" title="Linguistics wars">Linguistics wars</a></li>
<li><a href="Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li>
<li><a href="Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantics_of_logic" title="Semantics of logic">Semantics of logic</a></li></ul>
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